Kai I have no idea why installing Chrome would cause this issue (the Asus P2530U is vanillia - i5 6200U CPU, Intel HD graphics 520, 4 GB RAM, standard SSD) and I don't have a ready solution. If you could get past the Asus logo and log in, we could troubleshoot, but you can't get past the Asus logo.
All we know at this point is that something blew something up when you installed Chrome. My thought is to reinstall Solus Budgie and get the computer working, and then tackle Microsoft Teams.
With respect to the browser and Microsoft Teams, I gather that you are coming over from Windows 10. If so, you have probably been using the Microsoft Edge browser and Microsoft Teams on Windows. My suggestion is to use that combination (Edge and Teams) on Solus Budgie.
I would install both as Flatpaks to avoid messing up your system. Flatpaks are self-contained, and don't screw up dependencies.
Solus has native support for Flatpaks and both Microsoft Edge and Microsoft Teams are available as Flatpaks. If you prefer Chrome to Edge, Chrome is also available as a Flatpak.
I don't use Teams, so I don't know how well the Flatpak works. I do use Edge, exclusively, and the Flatpak works flawlessly.
Solus has native support for Flatpak (that is Flatpak is already installed), as I said, so you will not need to install Flatpak. However, you will need to install the Flatpak repository, using this command in your terminal:
flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
Do that before you try to install a browser or Teams. I would personally use the terminal commands at the bottom of the page for each Flatpak to do the installation.
