I received the same exact error when trying to play Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor (vulkan beta build) using an Nvidia GTX 970. Someone is describing a similar issue on the Dev Tracker for Rise of the Tomb Raider using a GTX 1070: https://dev.getsol.us/T9191. What's your graphics card, linusrg?
These three games are from Feral Interactive. Another commonality is that all three games use the Vulkan renderer. I have a feeling something might be wrong with Nvidia's driver using Vulkan. To test my theory, I happen to have Tomb Raider (2013, the first game in the new trilogy) installed, which uses OpenGL, and, sure enough, it launches just fine. My last successful play session with Shadow of Mordor was on July 4. I took a break from the game for a few weeks after that and came back to a game that won't launch during the first week of August, I think. The Dev Tracker post is dated July 15. I wonder what got updated during that time that might've caused these games to stop launching on Steam? Maybe Steam's the issue? I haven't too much time to investigate, but you're not alone, linusrg.
By the way, this is my first post. Hello, everyone!
Edit: I forgot to mention that I'm currently using the 450.57 Nvidia driver.